Women Of The Working Population - 1484 Words

Research in Organizations Assignment Review of Literature Around half of the working population consists of women, yet this number is often not reflected in traditionally male fields (Peters, Ryan, Haslam, Fernandes, 2012). Although some may have joined these role, many women eventually leave male-dominated occupations resulting in underrepresentation in those fields, especially higher up the ladder (Peters, Ryan, Haslam, 2013). Many of these male–dominated occupation are well paid and highly respected (Peters et al., 2012) which makes it important to identify why women are choosing to leave these careers. A study by Peters et al. (2012) showed that the perception of lack of fit with the dominant culture affects women’s ability to identify with the role and leads to them leaving or having the intention to leave. People disidentify with the job due to lack of fit with the prototype (Peters et al., 2012) hindering their career development, especially for women in masculine fields as more and more choose to leave. Identity fit model states that people’s perception of their occupational fit is based in part on how much they identify with the perceived prototype of the occupations (Peters et al., 2013). The perception of fit depends on an individual’s assessment of the overlap between how they categorize themselves and aspects they feel are pertinent to the context (Millward, Haslam, 2013). Prototypes demonstrates the perceived representative characteristics of a groupShow MoreRelatedThe Diversity Of The Workforce1049 Words   |  5 Pages Today when you look at our country you think of it a somewhat of a melting pot or a mixed and diverse population. When you look at the populations, even in small towns you see multiple different races and cultures. This then leads to our workforce where you see that same type of diverse culture entering the workforce in the communities they live in and the ones around them. Our workforce hasn’t only changed to multicultural, it also has more and more woman as well.. If we look back 50 years youRead MoreAmerican Society on the CHange during the Post- World War Years877 Words   |  4 Pageschange. American soldiers were discharged and returned home from the battlefields, hoping to find work and to get on with their lives. Marriage rate increased dramatically after the war. North American population experienced what is known as the â€Å"Baby boom† – an 18-year period of rapid population growth from 1946 to 1964. During this period, many children were born than in the same period before or after. During the post war years, the United States embarked on one of its greatest periods of economicRead MoreThe Role of Women During World War Two in Ontario, Canada, 1939-451242 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the men are away the women do not play. As men left to serve in World War Two, women were left to occupy the frontlines of the working force. They had to take over the industrial production for the war effort and the daily jobs that were not nearly as relevant to the war. In the essay I will be writing about the empty job positions left behind while men when to war across seas and the demand that was put on women to fill the positions. Once women entered the working force there was a conflictRead MoreImproving Communication And Diversity At Bellevue Elementary1064 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Communication and Diversity at Bellevue Elementary Lyndi Ramos Western Governors University A. Introduction/Abstract Today when you look at our country you think of it a somewhat of a melting pot or a mixed and diverse population. When you look at the populations, even in small towns you see multiple different races and cultures. This then leads to our workforce where you see that same type of diverse culture entering the workforce in the communities they live in and the ones around themRead MoreEssay on The Aging Population of the Last Century967 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning of last century, the world population was 1.65 billion while the current population reached 7 billion in 2012 (United Nations, Web). Among this 7 billion people, 810 million are older person. According to the United Nations, person of the age 60 is considered as older person, but many developed countries categorize person of the age 65 as older person. In The Study of Population published in 1959 by Philip Hauser and Otis Dudley Duncan, â€Å"aging population† was not appeared in it. At thatRead MoreFascist Italy and Population Essay757 Words   |  4 Pagesof the majority of the population. There is no doubt that most of the support was actually the work of propaganda and rhetoric rather than the ‘real thing. The government made desperate attempts to significantly increase the birthrate in Italy. In 1927, Mussolini launched the Battle for births. The task of young women was to get married quickly and have a lot of children. And the more children they get, the more benefits they get from the government. Mussolinis population policy failed to produceRead MoreAdvantages of Urdu Language1599 Words   |  7 Pages| Status of Women | Women In Informal Sectors | | Submitted To: Miss. Ayera InderaasSubmitted By: Reja Saqib ButtMajor amp; Sem: B.SC(Economics) II | | The informal sector plays a significant role in Pakistan’s economy as well as in other developing countries. Informal sectors are being encouraged by foreign countries and are considered as the plus point in the development of economy. Its role is solving the unemployment problem from the country. Many sectors have suggestedRead MoreAnalysis Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde By Robert Lewis Stevenson1441 Words   |  6 Pagescountryside to said cities. With an increase in the size and population of the city a individual s anonymity increased as well. Both the Paris Morgue and the novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Lewis Stevenson portray the anonymity of modern city life. While middle class men often appreciated the anonymity of the city, because it allowed them to escape social class restrictions, they also feared some of the negative implications. The working class, on the other hand, might have enjoyed the newRead MoreThe Problem Of Ageing Population Essay979 Words   |  4 Pageshaving longer life due to economic well-being, better nutrition and improvement of medical facilities. Ageing population has entailed an increasing share of old persons in the population. However, longer life expectancy has resulted in the ageing of population and has caused worldwide concerns of the problems it may consequently arouse. The two major reasons of the ageing population trend are the rising longevity and the decline of fertility rate. If the proportion of elderly people continuesRead MoreExport Products Of Indonesia And Indonesia1629 Words   |  7 Pagespercent of the total population in Indonesia of 255.5 million people. Within these urban Indonesians population of 138 million, it affects the number of consuming class, which expected to gain 86 million in 2020 (Mckinsey 2014). The number of urban Indonesian indicates women’s changing of lifestyle that moving to urban areas to build a career instead of just getting married and staying home. MarkPlus (2013) claimed that the growing market segmentation recently were youth, women and Internet users.

Tattoos Thinking Before Inking Essay - 593 Words

What used to be the property of sailors, outlaw and rock star is now become a popular body decoration for many people. It’s not just anchors, skulls, and spider web anymore, people have found plenty ways to express themselves with their tattoo. You might be thinking to get your first one, but fear of the unknown can sometimes hold you back from it. The best thing you can do is educate yourself about the process how the human skin is transformed into a beautiful work of art. The first step is obviously working on your own tattoo idea. Tattoo is something will stay with you until the rest of your life, so do think twice before having one. Nothing worse than a meaningless tattoo that could make you regret someday. There are few subjects that†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, design of your tattoo will also affect your decision, the larger the tattoo is, the more place you need to be available. One last consideration for placing your first tattoo is the pain factor. The skin which is less exposed under the sun will make you suffer more pain than the others. Depends on how much pain you can handle, you will find out your best strategy would fit you. If you have been done a great homework on designing your own ideas, now it’s time to find a reputable studio and an artist who will make your ideas speak. Once again, tattoo design plays an important role affects your progress. Depend on your idea- which could be generally styled at traditional, Japanese, black and grey, or new school-you will find a tattoo artist who is the perfect match with yours. And please, remember in your mind, cost should be your last concern. I know some guys who went somewhere â€Å"cheap† to get his done and he ended up with some tattoos which make me chuckled every time I think about them. There is a convention between tattooist and tattoos owner said â€Å"Good tattoos aren’t cheap, cheap tattoo aren’t good†, it would be a shame if you hand your brilliant ideas which were cherished by you for months to someone cannot delivery it. Ask your friends; look around to find somewhere that really excels in the style you want. D on’t be afraid to travel-a few hours of travelling onShow MoreRelatedThe Changing Trends of Tattooing820 Words   |  3 PagesWhen one is thinking of American culture and the trends that goes along with it, numerous individuals will have a lot of different though to that phrase. Just like how America tends to change over the years, the culture and trends of its people do as well. Things that weren’t popular before are becoming popular and some are even evolving. Even naming your child is like a new trend in today’s society, there is Beyoncà © and Jay-z naming their daughter â€Å"Blue Ivy Carter† after that there is Kanye West

Nutritional Value Free Essays

Associate Level Material Nutrition Worksheet In order to obtain optimal health, it is critical to eat a healthy and balanced diet. Becoming knowledgeable about how to evaluate the nutritional value of what you eat may greatly increase your ability to improve your health and wellness. In this two-part worksheet, you critique a recipe for nutritional value and respond to two short answer questions about nutrition. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutritional Value or any similar topic only for you Order Now Completing this assignment is a step towards gaining the knowledge needed to better manage your nutrition. Part 1: Critique a Meal For this part of the assignment, you critique the nutritional value of a meal. You will select this meal from the USDA website. Follow the instructions below: Access the USDA Recipe Finder search tool at http://recipefinder. nal. usda. gov/ (either click on or paste the above link in your internet’s address bar) Search for a recipe using one of the available criteria: Type in ingredients; Type in a recipe name, or; Choose options from the available categories Select a recipe to critique from the generated results. Review the nutritional information provided for the recipe you selected or added and answer the questions below. What is the name of the recipe you are evaluating? Arroz Con Pollo Chicken and Rice Which essential nutrients—carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals—are included in the recipe? 31G of Carbs, 4G Total Fats, 11G of Protein, Vitamin A 20%, Vitamin C 45%, Iron 10%, and Calcium 4% Which ingredients are providing each nutrient? Chicken, Green Peppers, Onions, Garlic Cloves, Tomatoes, Chicken Broth, Bay Leaf, Rice, Peas, Does this recipe include a good balance of essential nutrients? Explain your answer. I feel it does because it gives you a decent amount of vitamins, protein, carbs, fats, and iron. How could the recipe be altered to include more essential nutrients? I think it could be altered to include more grams of proteins, but it provides already a variety of different ingredients that are good for you. Do you consider this a healthy meal? If not, what is a healthy alternative? I feel it is a healthy meal and it is an easy meal to cook for the family. You could always make changes to the ingredients or portion what you put into it. Part 2: Nutrition Questions Respond to the following questions in 75 to 125 words each: Do you find it easy or difficult to determine the nutritional value of food? What are some methods to help you more easily determine the nutritional values of food? Right now I still find it a little hard to determine the nutritional value of foods because I am still trying to remember what food nutrients that I should be intaking on a regular basis to keep me eating healthy. I think once I get that down and start reading the nutrion facts on products I will be able to easily pick out nutritional products for me and my family and I wont be so frustrated standing in the store trying to read and figure out what to buy. What environmental, economic, and psychosocial factors influenced your food and drink choices today? Environmental, Economic, and psychosocial factors that influence my food and drink choices today are by word of mouth, family and friends choices, what im in the mood or for, and is it affordable to eat or drink on a daily basis. Theres many factors that effect my choices based on what I like, who im with and if they agree with my choices or not, and commercials and ads take effect on my decisions too. I find I see a lot of stuff on tv thats new and I have to try it, but dont really pay attention to what is in it to decide if its a healthy choice for me or not. How to cite Nutritional Value, Essay examples

Australia Expansion Project Feasibility †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australia Expansion Project Feasibility Study Report? Answer: Introducation Starbuck is one of the largest international companies in the world that has always thrived year after year. It has outlets in almost all parts of the world. It specializes in the preparation of both drinks (coffee, refreshing beverages, tea, bottled drinks) and food (especially those enriched in protein) (Gopalakrishna et al, 2016). The company coffee brand is one of the best in the world. However, it faces high competition from other coffee selling businesses in the world (Glowik, 2017). Almost a decade ago, the company had decided to open outlets in Australia. The project was to open up new shops in the major cities of the country which became a successful project at that time. However, the shops did not last long because after a short while a large number of them closed (Gopalakrishna et al, 2016). This was as a result of the increased competition from other coffee making businesses. For instance, Gloria Jean's coffee house which still maintained its 450 branches in Australia and Coffee Club maintained its 350 outlets while Starbucks only 22 outlets only. This shows that Starbucks was almost outdone by the competitors. Research has shown that there are at least 6500 independent cafes in Australia which generate a total of $4 billion annually from the sale of their coffee. In addition to that, there is a good number of citizens that strongly depend on coffee before the start of their daily routine apparently, on average, most Australians take around 3-4 cups of coffee daily. In that case, Starbucks also has to find a way to share that profits made annually. Basically, this is one of the reasons why the company wanted to open more outlets in Australia (Santamara et al, 2008). The company wanted to accumulate is shops in Australia just like any other coffee making companies and as much as it has done in many other countries (Glowik, 2017). However, the project was f aced with many challenges which were closed after a few years. Starbucks Mission Statement To inspire and nature the human spirit- one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time (McGinn et al, 2010). Starbucks Vision Statement To establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles while we grow Service Delivery Requirements Every business organization must ensure that the services or products t offers to its customer are of the best quality. Businesses should have trained, experienced and qualified employee to serve their customers (Gibson et al, 2007). With this kind of manpower, the quality of the product or service will certainly be of good quality and professional (Pala et al, 2012). Also, the employee should be able to respect and serve the customers with dignity. This will certainly come from the employee skills and attitude. In the case of Starbucks, the quality of its product (coffee) and services should be beyond what the customers expect. The company closed its outlets simply because they could not manage the competition from other companies. The companies managed to extract some the techniques that Starbucks used and made them their own. This improved their coffee quality and improved their service delivery as well. However, Starbucks should have improvised other better methods to improve the ir coffee quality and service delivery but did not. Project Objectives Every business organization must have objectives and goals for a certain project or change. The objectives are basically the guidelines for the business. They give the employees a purpose for them to continue working in the business. The setting of objectives provides the entire organization with a long-term goal and purpose to work towards. Furthermore, the objective setting provides a business with new ideas on how to improve and develop its operations. When Starbucks started this kind of project, some of its objectives included: To maintain Starbucks standing as one of the most recognized and respected brands in the world To be the leading retailer and brand of coffee in each of its target markets by selling the finest quality coffee and related products and by providing each customer with a unique Starbucks Experience Critical Success Factors These refer to business aspects that increase its growth, development and success chances. This also applies to the case of every project. Every project manager has to ensure that the projects success factors are utilized effectively and efficiently. In the case of Starbucks expansion project, the following are some of the critical success factors: Strong market share position and Global brand recognition Production of high-quality products and services Strong customer base loyalty Diverse and unique product mix Great appeal for of its shops and outlets Reasonable prices of its products Organizational Change This is about reviewing, controlling and modifying the business strategic structures and operations. This refers to aspects dealing with communications, management techniques, supply chain methods, investment methods and market competition among other things. Many businesses desire to implement organizational change with the aim of improving and developing the organizational operations. Therefore, in the case of Starbuck Company, the expansion project was aimed at increasing its outlets, extending its market share, increasing profits to name a few things. This means that the company had to deal with changes in the different departments. Like: The communication department- effective and efficient communication was required especially from the new stores Finance and accounting department- funding was needed for the expansion to be possible Human resource department- involves the hiring of new employees in almost all organizational departments Management team- new managers had to be hired and even others transferred to the new store location Options Considered Before any project manager decides to start working on a project, they have to evaluate and analyze any possible solution. The business should also look for other better ways to solve the problem or a different way to inflict change in the organization. Therefore, the organizations management and the project manager should be able to choose the best scenario or option that will serve the purpose and achieve projects objective. In that case, Starbucks had already decided to expand its operations in Australia. With this as the main aim, the company had some of the following options that were weighed according to their ability to achieve the businesss objective. Option 1: To open new stores in the chosen locations Option 2: To work on improving and developing the few store that are already existing in those locations Option 3: To open new stores in both the new chosen locations as well as other locations (small cities and towns) in the country Options Evaluation Criteria The criteria that accompany should use in accessing its project options should be able to achieve the projects objective and goals. Also, they should be in a position to uphold the companys vision, mission, values and objectives. In other words, this is the criteria that Starbucks Company used as well. It was a result of an agreement between the company management team, business stakeholders and business owners. locations option Criteria Reason Sydney Opening new stores and outlets High population levels Strong customer base loyalty Great tourist attraction site High population levels Great tourist attraction site Melbourne Opening new stores and outlets High population levels Strong customer base loyalty Great tourist attraction site High population levels Strong customer base loyalty Strong customer base loyalty Great tourist attraction site Brisbane Opening new stores and outlets High population levels Strong customer base loyalty Great tourist attraction site High population levels Strong customer base loyalty Great tourist attraction site New South Wales Opening new stores and outlets High population levels High population levels Great tourist attraction site Gold Coast Opening new stores and outlets High population levels Strong customer base loyalty Great tourist attraction site High population levels Strong customer base loyalty Great tourist attraction site Options Evaluation The evaluation of Starbucks expansion project included analytical assessment of the project costs, benefits and the risks involved. The evaluation was agreed upon by the stakeholders, business owners and the management. The evaluation was decided upon three main factors which are: Choice according to the population levels Choice according to the degree of consumer base loyalty According to the tourist attraction levels of the town Recommended Option The location options that are capable of meeting the companys expansion needs is any city or town that is considered major or one with high population. Some of these cities and towns are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, New South Wales and Gold Coast to name just but a few. These are preferably the main towns suitable for Starbucks expansion need. These towns are said to be some of best tourist attraction site in Australia. The companys product brands are also very popular and famous in these towns. This reason increases their possibilities of increasing the customer base, market share and segment. In addition to that, these cities will offer the company an opportunity for future growth and more expansion. Also, these towns will certainly be able to achieve the companys expansion objectives and goals. Scope Description Starbucks expansion project scope is to develop, increase and improve its product market in Australia by building and opening new stores. The new stores will be able to accommodate more customers, offer better service delivery and provide better quality drinks and food. The stores will be located in very strategic areas of the town and will be many in numbers. The project should work on methods of increasing the popularity of the companys product. Constraints and Dependencies Few constraints have been identified for the Starbucks expansion in Australia. All the individual and organizations involved in the project are advised to remain mindful of these limitations to ensure that they do not affect the project scope, budget or time schedule. Some of the constraints are: Inadequate qualified, experienced and skilled employees Project must have been completed in less than one year The project must be completed within budget, time and scope. Some of the dependencies are: Project budget and project cost Project start time and project end time Scope Management This involves the control, directing, organizing and planning all the activities and aspects needed in a project scope statement. The following steps were taken: Planned the scope management Gathered the project needs Defined the project scope Project Deliverables Came up with work breakdown structure Validated the scope Took control of the project scope Project Deliverables Several deliverables or results will come as a result of the Starbucks expansion project. For instance: Better quality Starbucks beverages and foods Better quality services Better priced products Increase in the companys profits in general Increased product market share and segment Project KPIs Some of the main KPIs for Starbucks expansion Australia project are: Produces and delivers better quality beverages and foods Offers better quality services Offers a variety of and consistent beverage brands and food types This basically gives a definition and list of what the project team members will be using in the whole process. In the case of Starbucks expansion project: The team members were to communicate to the stakeholders and business owners through the project team leaders. The project team should ensure that any activities they undertake do not affect the project's budget or scope. Therefore change management should be effective and efficient. The team members should perform their roles exactly as assigned The team should plan and be prepared for any risk that may arise Project Governance Framework It provides a project manager with a structure of procedures, decision making models and materials for managing the project with the aim of being completely successful (Too et al, 2014). It is used to control the project activities and team (people involved) and ensuring that they are consistent and comprehensive. Project Reporting Structure This helps in indicating who should report to who. In Starbucks project, the reporting structure is of the vertical form, i.e.: project director, project manager, group leader, rest of the project team members. Procurement Strategy This involves the understanding of the projects objectives, aims, purpose and constraints as well. In addition to that, the input in the strategy should be from both the business owners, stakeholders and project team (Rajeh et al, 2014). The following was the procurement strategy for Starbucks during the expansion project in Australia: The objectives were as an input result from the stakeholders, business owners and project team members. The constraints were identified, evaluated and analyzed extensively and later solutions were sort Some risks were identified as well e.g. product unpopularity and solutions sort as well Communication and Stakeholder Management Strategy Through communication all the project team members were able to share information effectively and efficiently (Zulch, 2014). Some of the communication methods that were used are: Through emails Conducting meetings frequently Training conferences Video conferencing Text messaging Voice mail messages On the other hand, the management of the stakeholder proved to be difficult in the beginning but smooth after a short while. The project managers still used some the communication methods listed above to communicate with the stakeholders and business owners. These and many other methods were very effective in end because any information needed was efficiently delivered. Time/Project Deadlines The Starbucks expansion project in Australia retreated in 2016 after it had failed back in 2002. The project was given a timeline of one year to be complete and hopefully successful. Budget/Cost Analysis and Funding Strategy According to Starbucks Coffee Company (2015), Starbucks reported accumulated loss of at least $143 million back in 2002 but now the expansion project has targeted to increase its profit to more than $143 million. This means that the cost benefit analysis had not been determined correctly. The funding strategy of the project was to depend entirely on the Global investors of the company. The fact that the companys objective was to expand internationally and the fact that the product is very well known and popular in most parts of the world, encouraged the investors to chip in. Risk Analysis and Management Strategy Some risks were identified which included: The risk of businesses laws interfering with the laws put up to guide the businesses in the location The risk of future uncertainty The risk of product unpopularity To manage the risks, the project managers conducted extensive research about the chosen locations and the populations need and desire for some of the companys products. Product Quality Management Structure The quality of the projects final product was determined by reviewing the success and growth of the other company stores that were located in similar location in other countries. The quality was to be determined by the expertise, skills and experience of the project managers. The quality would be better if the project managers, new employees and other resources that were to be were of the best quality as well. Project Completion Strategy The strategy was used to monitor and control the completion of the project was by ensuring that the store locations are suitable for the companys purpose and that the business operations are thriving day after day. Benefits Realization Plan The project managers would measure their benefits by: Analyzing the stores profits quarterly Accessing the customer loyalty increase Analyzing the companys product market share and segment References McGinn, D., Crowley, S. (2010). Vision Statement: Tired of PowerPoint? Try This Instead.Harvard Business Review, 09. Starbucks Coffee Company (2015).Company Information Starbucks Coffee CompanyStarbucks Coffee Company (2015).Mission Statement Starbucks Coffee Company Williams, L. S. (2008). The mission statement a corporate reporting tool with a past, present, and future.Journal of Business Communication,45(2), 94-119 Kirkpatrick, S. A., Wofford, J. C., Baum, J. R. (2002). Measuring motive imagery contained in the vision statement.The Leadership Quarterly,13(2), 139-150. Bartkus, B., Glassman, M., McAfee, B. (2006). Mission statement quality and financial performance.European Management Journal, 24(1), 86-94. Williams, T., Samset, K. (Eds.). (2012).Project governance: Getting investments right. Springer. Muller, R. (2011). Project governance.Strategic Direction,27(2). Too, E. G., Weaver, P. (2014). The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1382-1394. Gibson Jr, G. E., Migliaccio, G. C., OConnor, J. T. (2007). Changing Project Delivery Strategy: An Implementation Framework. Migliaccio, G. C., Gibson Jr, G. E., O'Connor, J. T. (2008). Changing project delivery strategy: An implementation framework.Public Works Management Policy,12(3), 483-502. Pala, M., Edum-Fotwe, F. T., Ruikar, K., Doughty, N., Peters, C. (2012). Achieving effective project delivery through improved supplier relationship management. Zulch, B. G. (2014). Communication: The foundation of project management.Procedia Technology,16, 1000-1009. Zulch, B. (2014). Leadership communication in project management.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,119, 172-181. Rajeh, M. A., Tookey, J., Rotimi, J. (2014, April). Procurement selection model: development of a conceptual model based on transaction costs. InAustralasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building-Conference Series(Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 56-63). Love, P. E., Gunasekaran, A., Li, H. (1998). Concurrent engineering: a strategy for procuring construction projects.International Journal of Project Management,16(6), 375-383. Fageha, M. K., Aibinu, A. A. (2013). Managing project scope definition to improve stakeholders participation and enhance project outcome.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,74, 154-164. Rajablu, M., Marthandan, G., Yusoff, W. F. W. (2014). Managing for stakeholders: the role of stakeholder-based management in project success.Asian Social Science,11(3), 111. Adler, D. (2015). Scope Change, Flexibility and the Management of Projects.Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research,4(1), 469. Gopalakrishna, P., Victor, R., Fleischmann, D. (2016). Starbucks in India.Journal of Case Studies,34(2), 92-101. Santamara Sotillo, B., Ni, S. (2008). Entry Modes of Starbucks. Glowik, M. (2017). 4.7 Case study: Starbucks.Global Strategy in the Service Industries: Dynamics, Analysis, Growth, 156.

Concept of Power and Domination †Karl Marx Research Paper Example

Concept of Power and Domination – Karl Marx Paper Karl Marx has provided a view of power and domination which arises from the distinction of class and possessions. (Marx. Engels : 1998). Thus state gains power from the guarantees it provides to all forms of property be it capital, landholding by feudal lords or slavery. Classes are formed based on the holding of property and domination is achieved through these possessions. (Marx. Engels : 1998). Group and political power create physical strength which determines the extent to which social classes can organize themselves effectively to fight for their interests. These are the material dimensions of domination. Domination has another facet that of the force of ideas. (Engels. Marx : 1998). This is determined by the means of mental production that are available in the realms of ideology. (Collins: 1974). Marx’s views on power also denote that material circumstances determine the style of life adopted by the class, culture and behaviors. Material conditions for mobilization of power as well as form of domination are said to vary amongst the various social classes. This is based on organization of communities and the means of communication employed by them. The means used for mental production are also varied wherein in some cases symbolic structures may be imposed on classes from outside. (Collins: 1974). Thus class struggle is central to Marxian theory of power and domination. Marx has also defined labor power. It is a commodity which the worker is said to sell to the capitalist to secure means of subsistence. The worker then is said to belong to the whole capitalist class. The cost of production of this labor power has also been defined as the cost required for maintaining the labor as a worker. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Power and Domination – Karl Marx specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Power and Domination – Karl Marx specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Power and Domination – Karl Marx specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While the wage minimum is the cost production of simple labor power. Value of the work is said to be the labor power expended in production. (Marx : 1999). Thus Marx attempts to define power from its roots and takes it upwards to that of the state. History is denoted as a past narration of class struggles. (Marx. Engels : 1998). This entails domination by one class that is the bourgeoisie who exploit the oppressed class that is the proletariat. The struggle against domination has to be undertaken by freeing the whole society from exploitation. The aim of Communists as per Marx was political power in the hands of the proletariat. This is achieved not by abolition of property per se but by overthrowing bourgeois domination. The first stage of any revolution as per Marx was to bring the proletariat into power, making it the ruling class and then wrest the capital from the bourgeoisie. Power in terms of instruments of production was to be centralized in the hands of the state which was also tasked to increase the total productive forces as quickly as possible. (Summary: 2006). Thus Marx tends to view power and domination as a history of class struggle. Each society over the years is seen to have a dominant or a ruling class and a subordinate class based on the means of production. Power was exercised by the class which was dominant. (Burke: 2000). Conflict is also determined by Marx in terms of a class collision. The need for overcoming bourgeois domination was set as the aim of the communist struggle. An essential feature of Marxist ideology also lies in its providing a dual dimension, material and intellectual to dominance. (Burke: 2000). Thinkers as producers of ideas can control what has been called as the common sense of the times. Dominant ideas are those which are in the interest of the society at large. Ideas as per Marx fluctuate as per interests of the dominant class of society. This class in turn derives power from the flow and acceptance of these thoughts. (Burke: 2000). Marx has thus defined power and domination from the construct of a struggle between the classes, which is a fight for control of the material resources as well as ideas. The class struggle is designed to bring power to the proletariat and ultimately dominate the society. Marx denoted that the power struggle was the culminating point. Collected Works : 1986). Concept of Power and Domination – Foucault Foucault’s development of the theory of power has adopted two different approaches. In his initial works, Foucault denoted power as means exercised by the state to constrain and restrict people. (Gauntlett: 1998. 1). Thus in his book, Discipline and Punish, Foucault covers how the elite in society continue to dominate and control rest of the people. (Foucault : 1988, 38). This has resulted in domination and imposition of rules. Breaking this domination of society and emergence of the self was thus of essence as per Foucault. Foucault: 1995). In his later years, thus he developed an idea of power which was designed to set free the individual from the shackles of society. It is this developed view which will be discussed herein as it provides a variation to the general trend in determination of power and domination. The second view of power that has been determined by Foucault rests on his belief of the influence of the inner soul of humans over the body. Thus the soul enables a person to develop successful relationships with others regardless of the power that is vested in either of them at any given point of time. Gutting. Ed. : 1994, 39). Foucault rejects the commonly held belief that some people will continue to dominate in every circumstance over other and that there will be inequity in relationships. In Foucault’s view thus power is exercised rather than possessed. (Gauntlett: 1998. 1) Power as per Foucault is a diffused phenomenon, which is found everywhere, rather than typified in a class as identified by Marx and the Communists. (Foucault : 1994, 166). Foucault feels that power is determined by relationships occurring at a given time. This implies that every individual is empowered at some time or the other. (Gauntlett: 1998). This is also against the conventional view of power which states that it is held by dominant groups in a society. Domination as per Foucault is determined by the act which is being performed at a particular time, rather than based on pre positioning of authority. This has provided a new ideology for empowerment which have been seized by those traditionally divested of power in human society such as the feminists. Women traditionally are seen to be dominated by men in all human activities over the ages. However it is also argued that there may not be a singular class created of feminists all over the world as the bond of commonality may not exist between women in the West with those in China or Brazil. Thus each will derive power from varied sources rather than from their feminine identity. (Gauntlett: 1998). The clear cut definition of power which was available in other theories has been abandoned by Foucault. He deems that power can be employed by various people at different times depending on the specific situation. While this may produce some reactions and antagonisms this is not related to domination by one group or class over the other but a result of temporary superiority obtained by the person wielding power. (Gauntlett: 1998) Thus Foucault believes that identities are not fixed and power can be obtained by different people from varied situations. Gender, class, ethnicity, age and other determinants do not denote the power and it will be varied in different situations. This overcomes the role modeling of power which is determined by the theories of Marxism and other writers. Gauntlett: 1998). Foucault’s theory of power does not impose constraints and is not linked with restricting freedom. The concept of domination does not arise in this theory and there are no subjects created through the use of power. The subject of power or the person dominated through exercise of power as is commonly understood is considered an active participant in the interaction. (Widder: 1995, 730). Concept o f Power and Domination – Max Weber Power as per Max Weber is regarded as a nebulous concept hence it has been difficult to categorize. Domination on the other hand being ordered power is in relation to a command and is more amenable to theorizing. (Armbruster. Atnachev: 2006). Power is defined by Weber as the chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in a social activity even against the resistance of others who are participating in that action. Power rests on a variety of bases and can be of differing type as per Weber. Power can also be derived from a number of sources and is valued for its own sake as per Weber. (Weber : 1958, 80). Power is conditioned by the social honor and prestige it contains. However all types of power does not contain honor. For instance the power wielded by Hitler or Saddam Hussein recently did not contain elements of honor when viewed holistically. Economic power on the other hand can be based on social honor and prestige. Power can be guaranteed by legal order, but legal order per se is not said to be its primary source. Legal order only provides the instrument to enhance the hold on power and enables security. The distribution of power within a community is attained through creation of class, status groups and parties. Power through money as per Weber was ethically unjustifiable. Weber : 2001, 36) Domination implies a degree of voluntary submission on the part of the acceptor of power based on genuine acquiescence or due to some vested interest. Thus in Nazi Germany in the 1930’s there was ready acceptance of Hitler’s domination which was based on motives which cannot be categorized as genuine agreement. A large number of people were coerced while for some others Hitler provided an outlet for their aspiration of German domination of Europe and the World. Domination and obedience thus need to be put into perspective. Obedience implies acceptance of the content of the command. Domination on the other hand is based on rational and legal terms of legitimate authority. Authority has been classified by Weber in three types. (Weber : 1978, 244). Rational or legally owned authority is defined as power held by those who have been elevated to high position based on rules made for issue of command. These orders are impersonal and extend to the persons only by the virtue of the office they hold. This is the authority held by Presidents under the Presidential system of governance and prime ministers under the parliamentary system which gives them power to dominate the national agenda. Legitimate authority based on traditional grounds entails a belief in the sanctity of traditions and the legitimacy of the status that those exercising authority are provided. This is a matter of personal obligation and loyalty within the scope or tradition. Thus Queen Elizabeth II is granted the authority based on traditions which have been long established and are thus a matter of her personal obligation and loyalty to uphold. In case there is any breach of this loyalty, the Queen or the King is traditionally required to abdicate the throne. Power derived from charismatic authority implies acceptance of domination by a person due to his exceptional qualities and deeds of heroism, character, piety or a specific pattern and order followed by him. The leader is accorded power by the trust that people have in him or her. The belief of the dominated in his charisma gives him power. An example of this power is Mother Teresa derived from her spirituality, piety and selfless service to humanity. In the case of the political field the power derived by Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi will fall in the category of charismatic power. Domination is maintained by continuous administration which enables obedience to the power bearers by the masses. This requires control of instruments of violence by the authority maintaining dominance. It is also sought through establishment of staff and the material requirements for maintaining administration. This entails the need for a bureaucracy for continued domination. Modern states maintain their control through the authority of bureaucracies, police and armed forces for maintaining order. (Max Weber: 2006). Weber has provided us of a 20th Century view of power and dominance that is increasingly being questioned in the present times. Comparison of Power and Domination Theories A comparison of power and domination theories of the models discussed above denotes a variation in their ideology, understanding and practical utility. Marx, Weber and Foucault represent the three most influential political thinkers of the modern and the post modern era. Their theories have invited extensive debate as well as led to state and societal revolutions the World over. While essentially these are Western theories of power and domination, Marx as well Weber have been widely accepted in other systems. The universal appeal of these theories provides them greater credibility and relevance. Foucault on the other hand delves in the social field and has denoted the influence of power in various contexts including gender, gay rights and so on, concepts which have not been openly debated outside the West. To that extent his influence on non western people is limited. This however does not limit the relevance of his postulates to understand the development of power in post modern societies. The theory of power and domination proposed by Marx derives its source from an economic matrix. Thus it is linked to class and means of production, both industrial and agriculture. (Marx. Engels : 1998). Emergence of two distinct social classes, the bourgeois and the proletariat has been seen through the prism of class differential. Marx also talks of domination through the force of ideas, which is being applied by Marxists over the years but to limited effect for Marxism is essentially a theory of action. (Engels. Marx : 1998, 36). Domination is also explained from a class perspective. Thus over the years one class the bourgeois have dominated the other, the proletariat. Marx goes to the roots of power and how it is created through labor as a cost of production, thereby establishing a linkage between work and power. In the Marxist view the political struggle precedes the economic. This is an economic centric view of power and domination which has no parallel in the works of other ideologists being compared in the essay. The success of Marxian view of power and domination was seen in the early part of the 20th Century, when Soviet Union saw the apogee of communist power in the World based on the rise of the proletariat. The followers of Marx failed to adhere to his maxim, that means of production should be enhanced as rapidly as possible, thus leading to collapse of the Soviet state in the 1990’s. Foucault sees power as that exercised by the elites in society over rest of the people or by the state over its subjects. (Foucault : 1988, 39)These views tend to support Marxist views on power except that the division of the empowered and the disempowered is based on a political and state basis rather than the economic differentiation of Marx. Foucault has progressed beyond this larger context to power of the individual derived from a person’s unique placement in society. Foucault thus grants power to every individual relative to the role that he is performing. (Gutting. Ed. : 1994, 47). Thus there are no universal rights to a specific class as the bourgeois as envisaged by Marx or the state as envisaged by Weber. Power is a thing which can be exercised rather than possessed. Domination too has been provided a unique dimension of time. Thus at a given time, a particular identity would be more dominant over the other due to needs of the hour. Domination however is not considered absolute. Through this vision of power, Foucault has provided a tool for empowering a vast band of humanity. His views of power are frequently referred to as enlightened, liberal and egalitarian facilitating normalization of human relations. Thus the proletariat is empowered in the view of Foucault as much as the bourgeois and there is no subjectification. This is a unique, post modern distinction variation of Foucault’s theory of power from that of Weber and Marx. The rise of feminism, rights of gays and supremacy of the individual over the state are said to be a result of espousal of Foucault’s views of multiple locus of power. Weber varies from the other two thinkers in a significant way and provides an ordered view of power. Thus power is viewed by Weber not as that derived from economic strength as denoted by Marx, but is a political phenomenon attained through social honour and prestige. (Weber : 1958, 85). There is an orderly distribution of power through various instruments of the state. Power enables domination as per Weber through exercise of command by an individual or groups. Weber has also provided the definition of other concepts of modern social interaction such as authority which is derived from legal, traditional as well as charismatic strains. (Weber : 1978, 245). This is a view of power as it is exercised by a modern state and provides much of the legitimacy that states derive from exercise of authority including use of violence and force. All three models of power can be understood with the example of the erstwhile Soviet Union. It emerged in the turbulent period post First World War as a class struggle, of the Russian proletariat over the Czarist bourgeois. While there were other dimensions to this struggle, the class divide remains its most credible one. On the other hand, rise of individualism in the 1980’s based on the theories postulated by Foucault, was one of the reasons for devolution of power of the state and disintegration of the Soviets. However since power also enables orderly administration, Weber’s theory of establishment of legal authority is engaging the Russian authorities today.

Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay Example

Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay Example Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay Joan Of Arc Was Born English Literature Essay Essay and Jean Lemaitre. Her inquisitors frequently asked her trick inquiries and repetition inquiries in hopes to catch her. Their dirty fast ones did non trip her up ; she gave clever replies and remarks. This test was unjust and many paperss from the test were changed. The Judgess urged her to denounce her voices, but Joan stood by the Lord ( Stanley n.p. ) . Joan was declared guilty of enchantress trade and sentenced to decease. She would be burned alive on May 30, 1431 ( Kelly and Rogers 152 ) . When Joan was burned she was to have on a bag on her caput that read the words heretic , relapsed , deserter and idolatress ( Stanley n.p. ) . When Joan was burned on the Wednesday of May 30, 1431, God left her bosom unburned for such courageous bravery and fortitude. On June 7, 1456 Joan s test was overturned, go forthing her inexperienced person ( Heffernan 259 ) . Pope Leo XIII declared Joan of Arc venerable on January 27, 1894. Pope Pius X so continued by exhilarating Joan of Arc in 1909, and eventually Joan was to the full canonized by Pope Benedict XV on May 26, 1920. Joan was canonized by the same church that had burned her at the interest ( Kennedy ) . Joan of Arc is the patronne of France and the military, and her feast twenty-four hours is May 30 ( Kelly and Rogers 152 ) . I genuinely admire Joan of Arc s bravery and fortitude. She was able to make so many things at such a immature age and a limited life span. Could you imagine holding to forgive everyone for what they had done to you as you were approximately to be persecuted by them? She stood by the Lord and was threatened with anguish unless she denounced her voices, but she did nt! Having so much courage and bravery is so elusive, seting all of your religion and trust in voices that you hear. She genuinely is a sufferer and a courageous psyche.

M3C Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical Essay

M3C Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical implications - Essay Example Health insurance has its challenges in the world today and many organizations in the world today face many problems due to the insurance policy. Problems are sometimes evident when the employees of various companies or organizations are taxed much more because of the high living standards today. Problems that are financially related to the health insurance scheme, the ethical and legal implications faced by the people using the health insurance scheme. Problems basically come into an organization when employers do not involve their employees of the increase in the cost of the scheme. It could be effective if the employers are told what would happen prior to the imposture of the tax. Pilzer (2005) also goes ahead to say that in 2006 instead of an employer sponsored group plan, some employers are offering defined contribution health benefit plans whereby the employer simply reimburses the employee; tax free, for the cost of their individual and family policy. This effectively lowers the cost of individual or family policy up to fifty percent since an employer receives tax deduction and the employee is not taxed on the reimbursed amount. Most people today with individual and family policies are paying their premiums themselves without an employer which costs them twice as much on the after tax basis. These majorly affect the employees of an organization financially. In some countries today the taxation is mostly imposed on any employee working with the government sector or a private sector. The policy is usually discussed by the ministry of health and becomes effective on the date passed by the relevant parties. Here, they are taxed on a monthly basis and this could be a disadvantage and a disadvantage to some. The insurance fund benefits the whole family and helps in paying hospital bills for someone who is sick. The major problem crops up in an organization when the premiums are increased after

Prehistoric Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prehistoric Art - Essay Example During 1940, four teenagers discovered the wealth of artistry within these caves (Lascaux 2007). According to Cornwell, "the cave was evidently a sanctuary for the performance of sacred rites and ceremonies." Lascaux contains the earliest traces of man's civilizations and holds the key in unlocking the prehistoric period. To date, it is estimated that the paintings on its walls totals around 20, 000. Because of its age, many of the images are hardly discernable while the others have deteriorated. The caves feature realistic images of large animals which are believed to have thrived within the area thousands of years ago. Among these paintings are animals called aurochs which, according to fossil evidence have lived in France during the period. The largest portion of the paintings is identified to be animals like horses, stags, cattle, and bison, while there are also drawings of geometric figures. Non-figurative images are speculated by one researcher to be illustrations of the night sky as the painted dots correlate with various constellations (Lascaux 2007). Aside from the illustrations of animals which thrived during the period, Lascaux is also said to house the "one of the humanity's earliest narrative compositions" (Virtual Realities n.d.). The writer described this particular scene: "Almost cartoonlike in appearance, it shows a man with the face (or mask) of a bird, engaged with an apparently fatal disagreement with a wounded bison. As the bison uses its head and horns as a weapon, the man falls stiffly back, apparently to his death" (Virtual Realities n.d.) Thus, Lascaux does not only depict the different players in the early civilization but expresses stories which have not been put in words by ancient man. The Altamira in Spain is another famous haven for prehistoric art. Like the Lascaux, Altamira is a cave which features drawings and polychrome rock paintings of wild animals and human hands. Because of its perceived importance in understanding the civilization of man, the UNESCO declared Altamira as a World Heritage Site (Altamira 2007). The 270 meter cave is comprised of twisting passages and chambers. The formation of the cave is due to the "collapses following early karstic phenomena in calcerous rock of Mount Vispieres" (Altamira Cave n.d.). Excavations on the site reveal two levels of archeological levels; one belongs to the Solutrean and the other to the Magdalenian. The Solutrean culture is said to have been formed from the occupation in the cave around 18, 500 years ago. Aside from the paintings, artifacts have also been excavated from this civilization. The Magdalenian period dates back 15, 500 and 14, 000 years ago (Altamira Cave n.d.). The most famous of area in the cave is known as the Ceiling of the Polychromes. This features superimposed paintings and engravings the most prominent of which shows herd of bison in different poses, two horses, a large doe and a possible wild boar (Altamira 2007). In addition are numbers of more indiscernible figures of what seems to be an elk and "a series of enigmatic signs and red stains appearing in direct contrast with other figures that have clearly been superimposed." This art are traced to the Magdelenean occupation. On the other hand, these red painting inside the

I Just Wanna be Average by Mike Rose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

I Just Wanna be Average by Mike Rose - Essay Example According to Rose, how does coming from a working-class background shape one's identity? Mike Rose had come from a working-class family which had sacrificed a lot to enable their son to join a Catholic school in expectation of enhanced education. However, Rose was put in the vocational education by mistake and his parents also could do nothing about it since they had no idea about the standardized education system of America. According to Rose, if a child belongs to the working class in a vocational education, he is treated in a guarded manner. In other words, he is considered‘ slow’ by the school, he is given a curriculum which doesn’t liberate rather restrains him from gaining knowledge and even if some training is provided it is always below the esteem level of the society (Rose, 1989). 3. According to Rose, how do students act "average'? Students who are unable to cope up with the vocation education system often defend themselves by acting â€Å"average†. ...These vocational schools trigger them to act ‘average’ because instead of giving them a better education to rectify their disabilities, they provide them a below average education from under-qualified teachers (Rose, 1989). 4. What does Rose mean by "students will float to the mark you set?" By saying â€Å"students will float to the mark†, Rose wants to imply that the attitude a teacher carries for the student, the same attitude will be replicated by the students. In other words, if a teacher does not put any endeavor in teaching the students a lesson, the students will also not put any endeavor in comprehending it. For instance, a teacher who is tedious and delusional and exerts only verbal power cannot teach anything to his students and as a result, the students will also not show any interest and effort towards learning. Higher the willingness and quality of teaching of the teacher, higher will be the degree of an outcome of the students (Rose, 1989). 5 . What does Jack MacFarland offer Rose that finally helps him learn? MacFarland saw great potential in Rose and swayed him to pursue a college education. It was under the tutelage of MacFarland that Rose developed the passion for learning, reading, and writing. The influence of MacFarland helped Rose recognize his true inner self and what he wanted to be. Owing to hard work and the complete support of MacFarland, Rose was finally able to attend college (Rose, 1989). 6. Can you, as a former high school student, relate to any parts of this article? Explain. As a former high school student, I can definitely relate to the hardships that these working-class students or those with learning disabilities have to go through.

Fifteen Gross Sins Are Listed Religion Essay

Fifteen Gross Sins Are Listed Religion Essay Brenda It certainly does. Seriously, though, working at a reference desk has to be a bit intimidating. After all, anyone is allowed to ask you any question, and you are supposed to be able to find the answer! So, I guess one of the qualifications for the job is that you have to be omniscient! That would leave us all out. But there is someone who is qualified, someone who knows all the answers. In Revelation 2 and 3, Christ includes in each of the letters to the seven churches the words I know your works. God knows us. He knows our strengths and our weaknesses. He knows our needs. He knows the answer to every question in our heart. He is the ultimate reference desk worker. GNB What a great God we serve and worship! And we on Word Alive are privileged to be able to share the information of God with you. Thank you for joining us today. Dr Derek Stringer is our communicator and Derek has been taking us through the amazing letter of Paul to the Galatians. Weve reached the fifth chapter and verses 19 to 21. DS And I hope that youll not be put off if I say that this information is some of the most discouraging in the entire Bible, but also one of the most realistic. GNB Lets look at Galatians 5:19 to 21 The acts of the sinful nature are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery; idolatry and witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions and envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God. Derek! DS Brenda, thank you. On the surface it is hard to imagine anything more depressing and discouraging than these three verses. Fifteen gross sins are listed, followed by a strong warning that those who practice such sins will not inherit the kingdom of God. GNB And some of you may be wondering, Is he really going to devote an entire message to these three verses? Why not combine them with the next three, which speak of the fruit of the Spirit. Then at least something uplifting and positive might result. DS Well, were going to get to verses 22-23 next time, and I think after enduring the sourness of todays text, the fruit of the Spirit will taste much sweeter. Before digging into the detail, however, I think there are a few general observations we need to make by way of an overview of the SIN or the S.I.N. Virus that stands for SERIOUSLY IN NEED virus! First, I want us to consider why Paul included this list of sins here in the book of Galatians. One reason seems to me to be an issue of balance. Pauls strong advocacy of grace as a life principle and his severe attacks against legalism could lead some to take sin lightly. These verses enable him to communicate not only that there are moral principles even for those living under grace, but also that persistent violation of the boundaries God has set, has severe, even eternal consequences. Some old writers knew the truth of this. Thomas Merton for example: The reason we never enter into the deepest reality of our relationship with God is that we so seldom acknowledge our utter nothingness before Him. GNB As George MacDonald: To be ashamed is a holy and blessed thing. Shame is shame only to those who want to appear, not to those who want to be. Shame is shame to those who want to pass their examination, not to those who would get to the heart of things. To be humbly ashamed is to be plunged in the cleansing bath of truth. DS And then In addition, it is one thing to know in general that there is a conflict between the sinful nature and the Spirit. It is quite another thing to be given a list of fifteen specific examples of the acts of the sinful nature and then a list of the fruit of the Spirit. God doesnt leave us wondering about the real difference between a life lived after the flesh and one lived after the Spirit. Furthermore, all of us are interested enough in saving face that, without such a list we would tend to think of the acts of the sinful nature only in terms of deeds we personally have not committed. And we would focus only on the fruit of the Spirit that seem to have counterparts in our own personalities. But these lists force us to face the fact that everyone of us has an active sinful nature, and everyone of us has room for major cultivation of the fruit of the Spirit in our lives. Also by way of overview I think we should take note of Pauls comment to the effect that The acts of the sinful nature are obvious. Obvious to whom? Apparently to anyone who is objective and honest. GNB In the past 25 years our modern culture has made great efforts to deny that many of these acts are even wrong. (sinful, of course, is not even in the cultures vocabulary). Sexual activity outside of marriage, for example, is considered by many modern psychotherapists, politicians, and even clergy to be perfectly acceptable. Standards not acceptable a few years ago are now routinely labelled a natural alternative lifestyle. Those who deal with drug addiction and alcoholism insist their clients are merely suffering from a disease. DS But the Scriptures deem all such behaviour to be acts of the sinful nature, (though certainly sin can, and often does, lead to disease). The media treats astrology as a harmless and perhaps even helpful way for people to find order in a chaotic world, but Paul says it, too, is an act of the sinful nature. Even we evangelicals play this game when we consider jealousy, envy, and a bad temper to be minor indiscretions or personality flaws we cant help, while God lumps such things together with idolatry and orgies, and calls them all the acts of the sinful nature. You know we can justify, excuse, and rationalise all we want, but despite all our efforts to hide the truth, the acts of the flesh are obvious. No matter how we dress them up, they are sin, and we know it in our hearts. GNB Now lets take the time to examine the acts of the sinful nature one by one, as enumerated by the Apostle. DS There are 15 deeds mentioned here in the NIV, 17 in the KJV, which adds adultery and murder. These two are not found in the oldest Greek manuscripts of our text and were probably added by a later scribe who thought two sins as nasty as adultery and murder surely deserved a place in Pauls list. The list, of course, was not meant to be exhaustive, and whether or not Paul himself wrote adultery and murders, he undoubtedly included them in the et cetera at the end of the list. As a matter of fact, virtually the entire Ten Commandments are missing from this list, though they also certainly deal with notorious acts of the sinful nature. Bible scholars often divide this list into four parts: sexual sins, religious sins, social sins, and sins related especially to alcohol. GNB There are the sexual sins. DS The first vice in the list is Immorality. The Greek word used here is the term porneia, from which we get our English word, pornography. It is a broad term which signifies sexual perversion in general. Almost any sexual act outside marriage would be included. Sin of this kind was so common in Pauls day that it was almost taken for granted. Even believers were not particularly shocked by it. I fear that we are fast approaching the same degree of apathy to sexual looseness in our own day. We are living in a sex-saturated society. Most major television programmes are built around a theme of sexual promiscuity, to say nothing of the best-seller list of fiction books or leading magazines or Oscar-nominated movies. And all this is impacting the church. I remember a magazine article entitled, Sex and the Single Evangelical. It contends the church is in denial about how its single evangelicals are having sex (which may be true), but then she goes on to suggest that the prohibition on premarital sex is just a church tradition, and is essentially unaddressed in Scripture. Frankly, I dont know how they can square that with the whole tenor of Scripture, to say nothing of specific passages like 1 Corinthians 6. However, with all these voices out there advocating sexual freedom, plus our inherent tendency toward the desires of the sinful nature, there is virtually no doubt there are individuals listening to me today who are right now living a double life of godliness on Sunday and immorality during the week. Perhaps there is someone who is presently carrying on an affair with a colleague at work. Almost certainly in a group as large as the group listening to me right now well there are some caught in the vice-grip of wrong actions. I would not even be surprised if there is a parent who is sexually abusing a child or a stepchild. Please, please dont pretend to be shocked-if this happened at Corinth and at Galatia, then it also happens at our Church. But while acknowledging the fact that it is happening, we dare not take a blasà © attitude toward it. Please be informed that those who practice such things, according to this very passage, shall not inherit the kingdom of God. They are not destined for heaven. Thats what God says. But possibly some of you have never been guilty of an explicit sexual sin. You are still not necessarily off the hook. For the second vice mentioned is Impurity. It refers to a filthiness of heart and mind that corrupts and defiles a person. The impure person sees dirt in everything. GNB Double-entendres are his forte. He is described in Titus 1:15: To the pure, all things are pure. But to those who are defiled and unbelieving, nothing is pure, but both their mind and their conscience are defiled. The impure person is also described in 2 Peter 2:14 as one having eyes full of adultery. DS You know Many Christian men who wouldnt think of having an actual affair, nevertheless think nothing of walking down the street with their eyes at breast level. We men in particular need to be so careful what we read, what we watch, and especially what websites we visit on the computer. If you find yourself susceptible to temptation, flee as Joseph did. A simple way to flee internet temptation is to use an internet provider with an adequate filtering system. But women, too, are not exempt. Filling your minds with romance novels and soap operas are equivalent to saturating yourself with impurity. If its filthy, its not of the Spirit; its an act of the sinful nature, and those who practice such things will not inherit the Kingdom of God. The third vice in the sexual area, Debauchery or sensuality is a broad term covering everything from provocative clothing to shameless disregard for public decency. Sensuality is the byword for the bulk of advertising done in our country today. The clothing industry thrives on it, as does the entertainment industry, the travel industry, and the music industry. In denouncing sensuality, Paul is not suggesting that beauty and attractiveness are out of bounds for Christian people. But everyone of us knows in our hearts the difference between beauty and sensuality-its the difference between Michelangelos statue of David and the Playgirl centrefold. You can stand next to that incredible statue of David in Florence, in the presence of dozens of men, women, and children, with no sense of shame-only awe. It exudes beauty, not sensuality. GNB Pauls first three entries among the acts of the sinful nature should not be interpreted as implying a negative attitude toward sex. DS Thats so right Sexuality is God-given and beautiful, but when exercised outside the bounds of marriage, it can be incredibly self-destructive. And those who practice sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery (or sensuality) shall not inherit the kingdom of God. GNB Next there are the religious sins. DS Idolatry. There are many places in the Bible where idolatry is ridiculed. GNB In the 44th chapter of Isaiah the prophet says, All who make idols are nothing, and the things they treasure are worthless. . . . He cuts down cedars, or perhaps a cypress or oak. . . . Half of the wood he burns in the fire; over it he prepares his meal, he roasts his meat and eats his fill. He also warms himself and says, Ah! I am warm; I see the fire. From the rest he makes a god, his idol; he bows down to it and worships. He prays to it and says, Save me; you are my god. They know nothing. They understand nothing; ; their eyes are plastered over so they cannot see, and their minds closed so they cannot understand. DS But the worship of idols involves not only graven images but also any substitute for the living and true God. GNB In Colossians 3:5 covetousness is described as a form of idolatry, because the thing coveted becomes an object of worship. DS The Christian who devotes more of himself to his car, house or boat than he does to serving Christ may be in danger of idolatry. We are commanded in Scripture to worship God, love people, and use things; but too often we use people, love self, and worship things, leaving God completely out of the picture. The important thing to note here is that false worship is every bit as much a work of the sinful nature as adultery. And those who practice idolatry shall not inherit the kingdom of God. The second religious act of the sinful nature is Witchcraft or sorcery. The Greek word Paul uses here is the one from which we get out English word pharmacy. It referred to the use of drugs to poison people, as well as in witchcraft. Magic and sorcery were extremely common in Asia Minor, where the Galatian churches were located. GNB In Acts 19:19 we read that due to Pauls ministry in nearby Ephesus, A number who had practiced sorcery brought their scrolls together and burned them publicly. When they calculated the value of the scrolls, the total came to fifty thousand drachmas. DS The Bible forbids anything related to magic, fortune-telling, astrology or contact with the spirit world. Perhaps a specific comment relative to astrology and horoscopes would be in order, since many people are conned into thinking it is a harmless and sometimes even helpful way to plan for the future and to make decisions. At best it is a foolish waste of time and money. More often it is a subtle trap that Satan uses to undermine ones faith in Gods active sovereignty over human affairs. At worst it makes one vulnerable to demonic influences. GNB Let me quote just one of many passages in the Bible that speak to this issue. Im reading from Deuteronomy 18: When you enter the land the Lord your God is giving you, do not learn to imitate the detestable ways of the nations there. Let no one be found among you who . . .practices divination or sorcery, interprets omens, engages in witchcraft, or casts spells, or who is a medium or spiritist or who consults the dead. Anyone who does these things is detestable to the Lord. DS Those who practice idolatry and witchcraft or sorcery will not inherit the kingdom of God. So much for the religious sins. The social sins are more numerous. If the first two categories didnt get you, then this one probably will, for the vices listed here are very common, even among professing Christians. But theyre no less serious just because theyre common. Hatred refers to hostility between individuals or communities, whether on social, political, racial, or religious grounds. The attitude of those who stir up racial hatred is here. So is hatred for gays, for abortionists, and even for politicians. One can disagree strongly with a persons view or lifestyle, but hatred of that person is forbidden. The second act of the sinful nature that fits in the social realm, or perhaps I should say anti-social realm is Discord. This is the natural result when hatred is acted upon. Whether the discord occurs in Northern Ireland or Jerusalem or London, it is the end result of hatred. GNB Some homes are characterised by discord, as the hatred and contempt of one family member for another boils over in fighting and feuding. DS But interestingly, four out of the six times Paul uses this word in his epistles, it is connected with church life. Some churches, unfortunately, are characterised by strife. Fights and splits are typical fare, and the world watches and wonders, Is this what Christianity is all about? I prayed all my ministry life that God would spare the church I pastored from the discord that leads to a church split. God was gracious and answered that prayer. The next act mentioned is the word Jealous. And its not always a vice. In fact, God is called a jealous God in the Scriptures and even gives as one of His names, Jealous. GNB And we are urged to be jealous for Gods honour and for Gods name. DS But here it is obvious the intention is to speak of selfish jealousy, that attitude which resents the success enjoyed by someone else. This, too, occurs in the church, when one person is asked to do a ministry that someone else wanted, or when one member has an unusual degree of success in business. Then there are Fits of rage. Losing ones temper and blowing a gasket are not excusable because your hair is red or because someone around you is especially irritating or because thats just the way you are. Its a work of the sinful nature, and those that practice outbursts of anger shall not inherit the kingdom of God. Another act of the sinful nature in social situations is Selfish ambition. The term used here signifies a mercenary spirit which withholds ministry or service from someone if there isnt enough money in it. Pastors who choose speaking engagements solely on the basis of where the larger honoraria are given are guilty of this vice. GNB A cartoon in Leadership Journal years ago showed a Christian musician standing before an adoring audience about to sing a beautiful worship song he had written himself. The caption has him saying something like this: The Lord gave me this song, and if anyone uses it without my permission, Ill sue you. DS A spirit of selfish ambition, to be sure. But so is the attitude of a layperson who refused to serve in the church because it would interfere with his moneymaking ability. The next word is Dissensions. Its a term with strong doctrinal overtones, and refers principally to the introduction of divisive teaching in the church. GNB The legalists in Galatia were a prime example. DS And there are many in the church today who are teaching doctrines, some absolutely false and others just distortions, which keep people from focusing on truths that exalt Christ and build up believers. In fact, I believe even solid truth can sometimes be taught in a way that produces dissension. The doctrine of election, for example, is a doctrine I highly value, but if it is not taught carefully, it can be unnecessarily divisive. The next word (Number 12) is Factions. It goes a step further than dissensions. In fact, it is the natural result of divisive teaching, in that a party spirit develops and the Body of Christ is split into groups-one of which champions a particular teacher or leader, while another champions someone else. GNB Paul experienced this in Corinth, where he chided the church with these words: One of you says, I follow Paul; another, I follow Apollos; another, I follow Cephas still another (and this was the super-spiritual group), I follow Christ. Is Christ divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Were you baptised into the name of Paul DS I believe cliques are a common manifestation of this vice of factions. Oh, how we need to be careful not to isolate ourselves with our little group of friends! Nothing will destroy the spirit of unity in a church more quickly. Young people, this includes you. Sometimes youth groups are extremely difficult for new kids to break into because of the cliques that exist. Its an act of the sinful nature. Next Envy is closely related to the earlier concept of jealousy, only this term, in contrast to jealousy, is always negative. It is the grudging spirit that cannot bear to contemplate someone elses prosperity. GNB Christ gave a parable in which some of the workmen complained that the last-hired worker had been over- generously paid. The owner of the vineyard replied, Do you begrudge my generosity? DS Those guilty of envy do indeed. Having examined the social sins that deal with interpersonal relations, lets consider two that are common to drinking alcohol. Drunkenness is excessive indulgence in alcohol, which weakens ones rational and moral control over actions and words. There is undoubtedly less excuse for the abuse of alcohol in our society today than even in the Galatian society of the first century, for drinking wine in those days was almost essential, whereas today it is always by choice. No one today has to drink at all-the alternatives are numerous and often more healthy. The simple reason why abuse of alcohol is such a problem today is social pressure. Too many people think theyll stick out like a sore thumb if they ask for a soft drink. But, you ask, cant one drink without abuse? Certainly, and many do. Drinking is not in itself a spiritual issue-drunkenness is-but drinking is certainly a social issue that must be examined carefully by Christian people. Many need to ask the question, Is the minor enhancement of life that moderate use of alcohol provides worth the major risk of abuse that so subtly and frequently results? Remember that those who practice drunkenness will not inherit the kingdom of God. Then he mentions Orgies or carousings which often accompany drunkenness. In fact, rarely, do these occur without alcohol, for the lowering of ones natural inhibitions with alcohol is generally a pre-requisite before most people will even participate in grossly immoral behaviour. GNB Fifteen vices have been listed. DS But then the Apostle adds an et cetera, for in verse 21 he ends his list with the phrase, and the like. What he doesnt want us to do is to think of the acts of the sinful nature just in terms of these 15 vices, with the implication that if you avoid all 15 of these, youve got it made spiritually. These are only representative of the kinds of actions that generate from our natural, in-born tendency toward sin. GNB We need to hear this even if its tough to do so its information from the Word of God here on Word Alive with Dr Derek Stringer. And we must also evaluate the acts of the sinful nature. And Derek will be back in a moment to help us do just that. I just want to take this opportunity to let you know that we are praying for you our listener. If we can be of help spirituality well thats what were here for. Word Alive is not just about giving biblical information but seeing it lead to spiritual transformation. I give you our contact details in just a moment but let me hand the microphone over to Derek Stringer as he wraps up this teaching from Galatians 5:19 to 21. Over to Derek DS Thanks again Brenda. What we find at the conclusion of the Apostles list is a severe warning. I warn you, he says, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God. The first thing we should ask is this: To whom is this warning addressed? Well, theres no question that Paul is talking to the professing Christians who were members of the churches of Galatia. Most of them were probably genuine believers, but as in any church, there were undoubtedly some who were just going through religious motions. Many of these church members had come to Christ out of paganism, where their lives had been controlled by sinful habits. Some of them had practiced fornication as a religious duty in the pagan temples. Sorcery had been as common as weather forecasting. Naturally, not all of these nasty habits disappeared overnight when they professed faith in Christ. Some struggled with particular sinful addictions, or at least temptations, for some time. I would like to suggest that it was because some of these former pagans were struggling that the Judaizers had been so successful in introducing their legalism into the churches. I can just hear them say, You Galatians have tried grace as a way of conquering your baser instincts; but the only sure way of putting a lid on sin is going back under the Law of Moses! Paul, of course, disagrees strongly that the Law has any power to conquer such habits, but instead of reiterating what he has already shared as the real answer (namely the life of grace as it is walked in the power of the Holy Spirit), he hits them with a stunning warning, namely that the Kingdom of God is not going to be populated by people who commit immoral deeds, hate other people, lose their tempers, or get drunk. Now, if youre a normal, intelligent and inquisitive person, you probably are not willing to let the matter lie with that simple statement of Pauls theology. For numerous questions invade ones mind as to the meaning of this severe warning. Does this verse teach that anyone who has ever committed one immoral act or gotten smashed or acted jealously is excluded forever from Heaven? Or rather that those who do such things after conversion are excluded? Or that those who do such things and refuse to repent are excluded? Or that those who practice such things continually are excluded? Probably most of us would tend to choose the latter option, because we are anxious to preserve one of our favourite doctrines-the security of the believer. I too agree with the last option, but not for that reason. The Apostle is, in my estimation, fighting the very common tendency to divorce morality from religion. GNB There are many who feel that whats important is just what people believe, not how they behave. DS One or two of you may have even thought thats what I believe, for probably no fewer than a dozen times over the past programmes I have stated, We are saved by believing, not by achieving. Yes, I said that, and I believe that, but I never said that behaviour is unimportant-just that it can never save you. Anyone who thinks he can run around on his wife, get drunk at every office party, and practice road rage every night, and still go to Heaven so long as his beliefs are orthodox, has missed Pauls point regarding our freedom in Christ completely. A Christian should never view his relationship with God as a free ticket to sin, but rather as a compulsion to forsake sin. Both our beliefs and our behaviour are important to God, and we dare not divorce them. In fact, we cant divorce them, even if we try. GNB We behave the way we behave because we believe the way we believe. DS I think thats true. If we live sinful lives its because we really dont believe God hates sin and that He will some day judge those who do it. We may say we believe it, but we really dont. Now its very important to pay attention to the verb used in v. 21: GNB those who live like this. DS The word is in the present tense and is used often to mean practice. This passage says that one whose life is characterized by these acts of the sinful nature will not inherit Gods Kingdom. It doesnt matter what profession he has made. It doesnt matter what aisles he has walked or at what altars he has kneeled. It doesnt matter what spiritual experiences he has had or even whom he may have led to Christ. If these kinds of deeds describe his life-style, then he will not inherit the Kingdom of God, Thus says the Lord. His attitudes and actions contradict the profession he makes that he has experienced the saving grace of God and the transforming power of the Holy Spirit. Would that when we meet one of these severe warnings of Scriptures we would not immediately ask, How does this fit with eternal security?, but rather respond as Jesus disciples did when told that one of them would betray Him, Lord, is it I? Lord, are you talking about me? Finally, I would like to mention just a couple of implications of this severe warning. First, I do not believe anyone whose life is characterised by these acts of the sinful nature has the luxury of claiming to be a Christian. I am not the one to judge whether hes saved, lost, or just backslidden, but I do say that he has no right to claim hes a child of God when his life denies it. I have had individuals contact me, who were at the time living in gross sin, tell me, Well, at least I know Im a Christian. And I have had to say, Im sorry, but I think thats blasphemy. You have no right to make such a claim while youre living like that. A final implication is that while the entire book of Galatians has emphasised that we cannot inherit Gods kingdom by works, verse 21 says in effect that we can bar ourselves from Gods kingdom by works. Good works, in other words, cant get you into heaven, but works of the sinful nature can send you to Hell. All around us are evil influences threatening to drown us in the actions of the sinful nature. But I find hope offered to us in the Word of God. Brenda! GNB In a very similar passage in 1 Corinthians 6 this same Apostle wrote, Dont you know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy no drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. And that is what some of you were. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God. DS Notice the tense of that verb when he says, And that is what some of you were. Paul would never have written, And that is what some of you are, for Christian adulterer is an oxymoron; so is Christian thief and Christian drunk. But the use of the past tense shows that God can turn people around. The greatest thing about Christianity is that a personal relationship with Christ can turn a mans present habits into history. There is no life too gross and too filled with the acts of the sinful nature that Jesus Christ cant make a past tense out of it. The only person unredeemable is the one whose heart is too proud to seek Gods forgiveness. GNB Are you one who is in need of the warning of this Scripture passage today? DS Yes Are you, as one who professes to be a Christian, involved in practicing one or more of these sins listed here? If so, your ultimate concern should not be to debate whether you real

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Following the civil war, railroad construction took off at a fast pace. In the twenty-five years between 1865 and 1890, the miles of railroad track in the United States went from 35,000 to 200,000. The enormous increase in track produced an increase in America's economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The farming economy was greatly helped by the expansion of the railroad system. The railroad became one of the main and most efficient ways to transport farmers produce. This was especially helpful to farms in remote locations. The expanded railroad system enabled farmers to produce more crops because of the greater potential shipping locations that became available. This also made products such as corn and grain available to locations that the crop wasn't produced in. It made things that used to be a luxury to some regions a common item to have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The increasing railroad was also beneficial to cities economies that had tracks running through them. It helped the city import and export goods, which helped produce and ship better products in a timelier manner to a larger amount of people and businesses. More potential customers lead to larger factories and companies, which lead to more jobs being available to people. These cities also generated more people coming in by train. It provided people with a time efficient way to travel to visit family and take trips. In a way, the railroad system made the United States seem a lot smaller than it was previous to the civil war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way the railroad system changed America was the way people went about their daily life in general. Before arrival and departure times of trains, the concept of time wasn't as important. Afterwards, however, people became accustomed to picking things up, meeting people, or getting on trains at certain times. As distance became less important, time became more important. It is this concept of time that has carried over to the time we presently live in. We are oriented around times and dates, from airline departures and arrivals to work schedules to social events. We no longer view the world as a big place that takes a long time to get from one place to another, but what time we will be there. People today are able to take more trips for fun to see friends and relatives that live away more often because of the quick traveling options we now have. This was not possible in the past.